ἐτεκνοποίει (“And Sarai was barren and she had no child”). Paul’s union of the story of Abraham and Sarah from Genesis with the barren one of Isaiah in Gal 4:21–31 follows the trajectory defined by the development of this theme in the OT. Therefore the theme of barrenness as developed in the OT must play some role in the exegesis of Gal 4:21–31. The issue of barrenness reappears in the narratives about Isaac and Rebekah (Gen 25:21) and about Jacob and Rachel (Gen 30:1), both of whom were covenant